Vignetting

Vignetting is a technique in photography that is used primarily to add depth and creativity to a subject. It requires reducing the brightness and saturation on the outer edges of the photograph instead of in the center. The word vignette originally referred to a decorative border in a book. Vignetting is usually unintended and often undesired, but is sometimes purposely introduced for a creative effect. A photographer can specifically choose a lens in which to produce vignetting. Special filters and post-processing procedures can also create this effect. In addition, in the area of digital photography, some photo editing programs have the availability of a vignetting tool that can be added after the photograph has been taken and imported.

There are four types of vignetting: mechanical, optical, natural, and pixel. The first, mechanical vignetting, occurs when light beams from an object is partially blocked by external objects such as thick or stacked filters. The darkening can either be gradual or abrupt, depending on the aperture.
Optical vignetting is cause by the physical dimensions of multiple element lens. Rear elements are shaded by elements in front of them which reduces the effective lens opening for off axis light. The result is a gradual decrease in the light intensity. This effect is sensitive to aperture.
Natural Vignetting is unlike the two previous types. It is not due to the blocking of light rays. The falloff is approximated the angle at which the light hits the film or sensor. It is affected by the cosine of the angle of the light.
The last kind of vignetting, Pixel, only affect digital cameras and is cause by the angle dependence of the digital sensors. Most digital cameras use built in image processing to compensate for optical this vignetting when converting raw sensor data to standard image formats, such as JPEG or TIFF.
Whether you mean to have vignetting in your photograph or it comes as a mistake, this technique can draw the viewer to the center of the photograph and can add interest to an otherwise dull photograph.

Photographic Printing

Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image for viewing on paper, using chemically sensitized paper. The paper is exposed to either a negative, a transparency or slide, or a digital image file.
Photographs can be printed on color or black and white paper. Printing on black and white paper consists of four major steps, performed in a dark room or with a printing machine:
1. The image is exposed onto the paper using a contact printer or enlarger.
2. Processing of the latent image using the following chemical process:

• Development of the exposed image reduces the silver halide in the latent image to metallic silver;
• Stopping development by neutralising, diluting or removing the developing chemicals;
• Fixing the image by dissolving undeveloped silver halide from the light-sensitive emulsion:
• Washing thoroughly to remove processing chemicals protects the finished print from fading and deterioration

3. After fixing, the photograph is cleansed using a hypo clearing agent to remove any fixer that could damage the print.

4. Prints are then chemically toned or hand colored after processing.Printing on colored paper requires the use of processing with certain propriety chemicals. The two main processes are RA-4, which is used for printing color negatives, and lifochrome, which is for printing color transparencies.

RA-4 prints are color negatives printed on RA-4 paper and produce a type-c print. They consist of three emulsion layers, each sensitive to red, green, and blue light. During processing, couplers produce cyan, magenta, and yellow dyes, to represent the true colors of the subject. The combination of all of these colors is what give a photograph its final look.
Lifochrome prints use a specialized Lifochrome paper that use the dye destruction process to produce prints from positive transparencies. The color dyes are induced onto the paper and are bleached during processing.
Aside from printing an image in a dark room using chemicals, photographers can also print photographers from a digital computer file. The artist can view his or her photographs on the computer and edit them before they decide whether or not to print them. They can then be printed using Ink jet printers or specialized photo printers. Image files can also be taken in to labs so that professionals can develop your images for you.

Uno, Dos, Tres: Rule of Thirds In Photography

The rule of thirds is one of the main compositional rules in visual arts, including painting, design, and (of course) photography. This rule is based around the idea that an image should be imagined as being divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal lines and two similar vertical lines, as shown in the photograph below. The rule continues on to state the important elements within the photograph, on these lines in order to obtain a successful photograph.Photographers claim that the reason use this technique is because it creates tension, energy and interest in the composition, more so then a photograph where the subject is dead center. For example, in the photograph below, the main subject is centered on one of the vertical lines, with the subjects eyes centered on one of the horizontal lines.

However, points of interest in a photograph do not necessarily have to lie on these lines to take advantage of the rule of thirds. If a point of interest lies on the intersection between two lines, this also is considered to be using the rule of thirds. This intersection of two lines is often called a power point, and it is common to see a photograph place a subject of aspect of what they are photographing at this point.
As mentioned earlier, the rule of third is not a technique used solely in photography. In any art form that has a main subject or point of interest, the rule of thirds is often used. In addition to photography, film uses this compositional rule as well. If filming a moving subject, the same pattern is followed with the majority of the empty space in front of the subject or in the direction that they are moving towards.
The rule of thirds was first used as early as 1797 as a rule for creating correct proportion in scenic paintings. In J T Smith's illustrated book, published in 1797, the rule of thirds is clearly defined. "...the rule of thirds according to which a landscape having one third of land should have two thirds of water, and these together, forming about one third of the picture..."
Any person who is avidly involved in art or photography would agree that using the rule of thirds is a good idea to make your photograph much more interesting and professional. Often, digital cameras will have a setting that allows the photographer to permanently have a set of lines following the rule of thirds in their viewfinder. However, it is also easy to do manually by eye and guessing. Like with most forms of art, this rule does not need to be perfect.

Panning Has Nothing To Do With A Pan

This week, I am talking about panning. Panning is a technique that many photographers use to make their photographs more visually pleasing and interesting. Panning is used to catch a object that is in motion and get a photograph of that movement.To create panning in an image, a photographer will scan the subject as they move. The photographer will focus on the subject and then as they begin or continue to move, will hold down the shutter and move the camera along horizontally or vertically with them. The result of doing this is the creation of all of the pictures that you see above and below: the subject is mostly or somewhat in focus and the background and surroundings are blurred.
Panning is often used in film to follow a subject as the move of display the surroundings in a certain scene. It can also be used on a person that is standing still. If you subject is standing still in the midst of many moving objects, you can capture them, surrounded by a variety of motion blurs from the objects around them. This causes the photograph to focus in on the still subject and give a photograph an artistic edge.
To obtain a clear picture during panning, the photographer must keep the subject in the same place in the frame for the duration of the pictures exposure. The exposure time must be long enough to allow the background to blur as you move the camera. If your exposure time is too short or quick, the background will also be in focus like the subject. Similarly, if the exposure time is too long, then both the subject and the background can become blurred if you stop or continue to move the camera. Exposure time is dependant on the shutter speed and aperture settings of your camera. On manual cameras and on some automatic cameras, this can be easily fixed by altering one or the other to get a longer exposure time. To help photographers get a more clear, steady panned photograph, they often use a tripod, to reduce camera shake and other interruptions.
People may ask, "Why would you want a picture to be blurry?". However, when you look at a picture where one thing is clear and the rest is blurry, it gives the photograph a sense of complexity and artistic flare that may not be present in a regular photograph. It gives photographers the availability to capture something in motion and freeze it, making it more interesting and enjoyable to viewers.

Top Six Reaons To Convert to Digital Photography

Over the course of photography's history, the medium with which photographers capture their subjects has varied. From long exposure film to high tech digital cameras, advances in technology and innovation have opened multiple doors for photographs to choose what kind of camera they want to use. Most photographers own several cameras, often including at least one film based camera. However, with the further development of digital cameras, there is many reasons to take photographs using a digital camera. Here are the top six reasons you as a photographer should use a digital camera:

Reason #1: It's easy and convenient. Digital cameras are user friendly, with easy to use features and gadgets. They are also more compact, not needed extra film, so they are more convenient for carrying around with you to ensure that you don't miss a photographic moment.

Reason #2: Digital cameras save time and space. With digital photography, you won't have those piles of used film sitting around waiting to be developed. In addition, you don't need a light room. Your light room for digital photography is your home computer! Also, digital cameras store the pictures on a memory system, making them available to review immediately after taking and deleting if they don't meet your expectations.


Reason #3: Digital photographs are easy to edit and alter. You simply plug the camera into your computer, open some photograph editing program, and your good to go. You can edit them on your own time and can easily fix and alter things in the photograph that may take away from your complete satisfaction. While you can still do this with film, it is harder and more time consuming.

Reason #4: Digital photographs are versatile. These kinds of photos can be printed anywhere, anytime, on just about any surface. They can be blown up without losing any of their quality and can be transferred to something as big as a billboard.

Reason #5: It's cheaper! With film photography, you have to buy expensive film and supplies or pay the fee to have your photos developed for you. The cost of cleaning, repairs, development, and film can get ahead of you before you know it, mounting up to more than your paid for camera originally. Digital cameras only require a memory card and inexpensive photo paper.

Reason #6: Digital photographs are easily transferred. You can share your digital photographs with family, friends, or distant relatives. Since most of your digital photographs, if not all, are stored on your computer, all you need to do is either upload the files to an email and send or copy them to a CD or other writable storage device. Film photography is harder to share and more time consuming.

Making the transition from film to digital is something that some photographers were reluctant to do. Its hard to alter the medium you use cause it can change your style and artistic creativity. However, in this growing technological age, the change to digital is welcomed and is worth the hard work and the risk.

Night Photography

Night photography is an art that is done outdoors between the hours of dusk and dawn. Because of the lack of light, photographers have the option of either using artificial light to capture a photograph or use an long exposure time to give the camera enough to time to capture the right amount of light to properly expose the photograph. With the development of higher sensitivity image sensors, wide-aperture lenses, and a larger amount of urban light, the availability of taking photographs at has increased drastically.
Night photography started to gain its popularity in the 1900's, when a select few photographers began to experiment with lighting at night time. Over the next century, many people began to take on night photography. College courses started to appear that covered the many aspects of taking a good photograph at night time. Photographers began to be known primarily for their work done at night. During the beginning of the 21st century, the invention of digital cameras helped photographers to take better pictures at night time and greatly enhanced the number of people that pursued a career in this particular type of photography.

The most common subjects photographed in night photography are stars and planets, and skylines. Astronomers have used the technology of film to capture a picture of the way that the planets and stars look from Earth. It has helped many scientists enhance their understanding of our universe. City skylines are also a popular subject. At night when the buildings light up, the contrast between their light and the darkness of the sky provides composition for a good photograph. In addition, a city skyline provides a sufficient amount of light that is needed in order to be photographed. Some other things that are often photographed at night include fireworks, streets often accompanied by moving cars, and amusement rides, as shown above.

Due to the lack of light at night time, night photography requires a large amount of technique and a wide range of equipment. To avoid motion blur often produced during long exposure times, photographers often use a tripod to keep the camera steady. By using a self timer, photographers reduce the risk of producing camera shake when the shutter is released. Also, since auto-focus doesn't work right during low light conditions, a manual focus is often used so that the photographer can get a clean picture of the subject he is photographing.
As I have stated previously, night photography is very difficulty because of the lack of light. However, night photography is a very beautiful form of art that captures many extraordinary sights and helps us to view things that only appear at night during the day time. It may be difficult, but if it was easy, where would the fun be?

Full Spectrum Photography

Full spectrum film captures visible and near infrared light, commonly referred to as "VNIR". Some digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet light and minimal amounts of the near infrared spectrum. However, most digital cameras contain a built in ifrared hot mirrot filter that blocks these kinds of lights. Replacing this filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter enables the photograph to detect the complete spectrum of light. This provides the avaliablility to take ultraviolet or infrared photography.Full spectrum photography is used for fine art photography, geology, forensice and law enforcement.
Full spectrum photography started in the 1950's and was used primarily for geological and militaries needs. In the 1990's, photographers began shooting photos in infrared with their digital cameras. Throughout the 2000's, full spectrum photography was used for a variety of things from forensic science to paranormal ghost hunting. Full spectrum photography is commonly used for fine art photographs. Using full spectrum can enable the photographer to yeild colors that are siilar to visible color film but with an enhanced brightness of infrared. The large amount of full spectrum photography is landscapes and has recently begun to be used for portraits of people.
Full spectrum photograph is also used for forensics imaging. Forensic specialists use full specturm cameras to excentuate non visible materials which are more easily seen through ultraviolet and infrared lighting. The applications of these materials helps to reveal a variety of crime related substances, including non visible inks, disturbed soil, gun shot residue, body fluids, and fibers. In addition, full spectrum photography has been used to capture archelogical finds.